clojure
A hashmap is a collection that maps keys to values. They have various names in other languages – Python refers to them as dictionaries, and Javascript’s objects essentially work like hashmaps.
哈希图是将键映射到值的集合。 它们在其他语言中有不同的名称-Python将它们称为字典&＃xff0c;而Javascript的对象本质上就像哈希图一样工作。
A hashmap can, like many collections, be constructed in two ways. There is the constructor function:
像许多集合一样&＃xff0c;哈希图可以通过两种方式构造。 有构造函数&＃xff1a;
;; Note that each argument is *prepended* to the hashmap, not appended.
(def a-hashmap (hash-map :a 1 :b 2 :c 3))
a-hashmap
; &＃61;> {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1}
You can also define them using a hashmap literal. This is often more concise and clear. Using commas to separate key/value pairs in hashmaps is recommended, as it can make the boundaries more clear.
您还可以使用哈希图文字来定义它们。 这通常更加简洁明了。 建议使用逗号分隔哈希图中的键/值对&＃xff0c;因为这样可以使边界更加清晰。
;; This hashmap is actually in the right order, unlike the one above.
(def another-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3})
another-hashmap
; &＃61;> {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}
何时使用哈希图&＃xff1f; (When to use a hashmap?)
A hashmap is useful when you want to give names to your variables. If you’re ever thinking to yourself, “What if I used an object…” before you snap out of it and realize you’re using Clojure, try using a hashmap.
当您想给变量命名时&＃xff0c;哈希表很有用。 如果您曾经想过自己&＃xff0c; “如果我使用一个对象……该怎么办……”&＃xff0c;然后才意识到它正在使用Clojure&＃xff0c;请尝试使用哈希图。
They are also useful if you want to associate two different values with each other. Take, for example, a ROT13 cipher – you could associate \A with \N, \B with \M, and so on.
如果要将两个不同的值相互关联&＃xff0c;它们也很有用。 以ROT13密码为例–您可以将\A与\N关联&＃xff0c;将\B与\M关联&＃xff0c;依此类推。
This would be long and boring to write in most languages, but Clojure has some functions that can generate it for you and make it fun!
用大多数语言编写代码会很长而且很无聊&＃xff0c;但是Clojure的某些功能可以为您生成它并使它变得有趣&＃xff01;
从哈希表检索关键字和值 (Keywords and retrieving values from hashmaps)
Hold up. What is this? :a? :b? :c? Those look odd. Those, you see, are keywords. They’re called key-words because they’re often used as keys in hashmaps.
耽误。 这是什么&＃xff1f; :a &＃xff1f; :b &＃xff1f; :c &＃xff1f; 那些看起来很奇怪。 您看到的是关键字。 之所以将它们称为“ 关键字” &＃xff0c;是因为它们通常在哈希图中用作关键字。
Why are they often used as keys? Well, unlike strings, keywords can be used as functions to extract values from a hashmap; no need for get or nth!
为什么它们经常用作键&＃xff1f; 好吧&＃xff0c;与字符串不同&＃xff0c;关键字可以用作从哈希图中提取值的函数。 不需要get或nth &＃xff01;
(def string-hashmap {"a" 1, "b" 2, "c" 3})
("a" string-hashmap)
; &＃61;> ClassCastException java.lang.String cannot be cast to clojure.lang.IFn(def keyword-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3})
(:a keyword-hashmap)
; &＃61;> 1;; You can also pass a keyword a default value in case it&＃39;s not found, just like get.
(:not-in-the-hashmap keyword-hashmap "not found!")
; &＃61;> "not found!"
更新哈希图 (Update a hashmap)
You can update values inside a hashmap using assoc. This allows you to append new key/value pairs or change old ones.
您可以使用assoc更新哈希图中的值。 这使您可以追加新的键/值对或更改旧的键/值对。
(def outdated-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3})(def newer-hashmap (assoc outdated-hashmap :d 4))
newer-hashmap
; &＃61;> {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3, :d 4}(def newest-hashmap (assoc newer-hashmap :a 22))
newest-hashmap
; &＃61;> {:a 22, :b 2, :c 3, :d 4};; Note that outdated-hashmap has not been mutated by any of this.
;; Assoc is pure and functional.
outdated-hashmap
; &＃61;> {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}
将其他集合转换为哈希图 (Converting other collections to hashmaps)
Converting to a hashmap is tricky. To demonstrate, let’s try using it like vec or seq.
转换为哈希图非常棘手。 为了演示&＃xff0c;让我们尝试像vec或seq一样使用它。
(hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3])
; &＃61;> IllegalArgumentException No value supplied for key: [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3]
The hash-map function thinks that we’re trying to create a hashmap with [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] as one of the keys. Watch what happens if we give it the right number of arguments:
hash-map函数认为我们正在尝试使用[:a 1 :b 2 :c 3]作为键之一创建一个hashmap。 观察如果我们给它正确数量的参数会发生什么&＃xff1a;
(hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] "foo")
; &＃61;> {[:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] "foo"}
To convert a sequence to a hashmap, you’ll need to use and understand apply. Luckily, this is pretty simple: apply essentially destructures a collection before applying a function to it.
要将序列转换为哈希图&＃xff0c;您需要使用并了解apply 。 幸运的是&＃xff0c;这非常简单&＃xff1a; apply本质上会在对集合应用函数之前对集合进行解构。
;; These two expressions are exactly the same.
(&＃43; 1 2 3)
; &＃61;> 6
(apply &＃43; [1 2 3])
; &＃61;> 6
This is how you would convert a vector to a hashmap:
这是将向量转换为哈希图的方式&＃xff1a;
(apply hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3])
; &＃61;> {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1};; This is the same as:
(hash-map :a 1 :b 2 :c 3)
; &＃61;> {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1}
That should be everything you need to get started with hashmaps in Clojure. Now get out there and start hashing with the best of &＃39;em.
那应该是开始使用Clojure的哈希图所需的一切。 现在走到那里&＃xff0c;开始用最好的&＃39;em&＃39;哈希算法。
翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/clojure-hashmaps-explained-how-to-retrieve-values-from-and-update-hashmaps/
clojure
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