形容逻辑关系的词(数学逻辑关系词)

第一，表明因果关系。 世界上最重要的关系之一是因果关系。

1 .指出原因

because(of )=berespOnsiblefor=as=since=for=there in=root=origin (al )=causality=due (在ntributed to (原因是)=nowin that=seeingconsideringgiven (that )=Onaccountof=on this account=ongroundofthat thesakeof=in invirtueof=byreasOnof=asaresultcOnsequenceof=inconnceof

【注】将put down 起因于to sth 视为put sth down as sth 使人丢脸写作记……由toputdownamotionamend ment提出动议或修正案进行登记，名单foom

2 .给出结果

so=hence=therefore=therefor=thereby=thereout=there withal=thereupon=thus=consequent (=结果(ii n sequence=result in=accordingly=giveriseto=lea ATO e=awaken=fire up=provoke=spark=spur=stimulate=stir (诱发，激活) 激发=trigger=activate=prompt=SETI nmotion=set off=contribute to=bring about=on=present=it follows

如果不是 Or else=otherwise，否则

【注】or else和otherwise表示转换、对比和结果。

第二，表示比较

1 .表示“具有相似性”的对比

Likewise=Like=Similar(ly ) Akin=Parallel(with…)=analogous analogy=comparable=byincomparisonwithcomparison

Identical=same完全相同=much as=as much相同……相同

becOnsistentwith=cOnsistently=beinagreementwith=coincide with…=accordagree with=match (意见、利益等)与……一致，一致

2 .表示“异质”的对比(这些词be也可以表示转换、强调) )。

unlike=by=in cOntrast=inturn=incOntrastto=with=cOnversely=alternatively=on the cOntrary=contrary to=contrariny

3 .暂时不知道是“差异”还是“相似性”

比较级、最高级mostimportant=dominant(ly )=largely

of…与…

第三，表示递归

besides=there with=ASW ellas=as well=and=also=too=in addition (to )=moreover=further more=apart=aside from

…之外，除此之外，还包括(“包括”之前使用特殊的人和物) ) )。

thatis (东京)

③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）

④ simply put ∕ stated ∕ spoken 简言之

⑤ or rather 或者更确切地说

【注】 注意 besides 与 except 的区别。例如：① All of us passed besides John 。（无奈的河马也及格了）；② All of us passed except John 。（无奈的河马没有及格） except 用于“不包括”的特殊人或事物前

第四， 表示补充（解释、说明）

① But = except （ for ） = apart ∕ aside from = other than

除……之外（都），常用于否定句中，用于“不包括”的特殊人

或事物前。

例如：① No one saw it but me 。

② There is nobody here other than me 。

② that is （ to say ） = namely 也就是说（有补充解释说明的作用）

③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）

④ 冒号、破折号

第五， 表示让步

① Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding = regardless ∕ irrespective of = out of account （不予考虑）= in disregard of = for all （ that ） = although = though = as = while = even （if）= much as （用于句首）虽然 = granting ∕ granted that

不管，不顾，尽管（有），虽然，即使

② after all 毕竟

③ certainly = of course = indeed = it is true that … 的确

④ undoubtedly = there is no doubt that … 毫无疑问的是……

⑤ admittedly = we have to admit that … 应该承认的是……

⑥ it may be true that … 或许真实的是……

⑦ there is no denying that … 不可否认的是……

⑧ to be sure = although （ 常与 but 连用）可以肯定的是…

⑨ at least 至少

第六， 表示转折

① Instead （ of ） = rather than （是……）而不是

② But = yet = although = though = while = whereas = when = Only= （ but ） rather = instead = still = nevertheless = nOnetheless= much as（用于句首） 尽管如此，然而，虽然，但是

③ Otherwise = or else 否则，要不然

④ In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 实际上，事实上，的确

【注】 although ， though ， while ， whereas ， to be sure ， in effect ∕ fact ， indeed 既表示让步，又表示转折。

第七， 表示条件

① if = providing ∕ provided ∕ suppose ∕ supposing that 如果，假如

② in case of = in the event of 万一……

③ failing 如果不能，如果没有

④ but for ∕ that 要不是， 若非（主句用虚拟语气）

⑤ unless 除非

⑥ as long as = only if 只要

⑦ on condition that … 条件是……

⑧ if only 但愿，要是……就好了（常与虚拟语气连用）

⑨ only if 必须在……的条件下（引导条件状语从句）

第八， 表示目的

① For fear of = lest 以免，以防

② For the sake of … = in the desire to do sth 为了……

③ in order to

【注】 for the sake of 既表示原因，又表示目的。

第九， 表示引出新对象

① About = cOncerning= regarding = with regard to = as for ∕ to = in respect of 关于

② in terms of 就……而论，在……方面

③ when it comes to … 当提到……时

④ as such 就其本身而言；就……的严格词义而言

第十， 表示强调

① Above all = most important = valuable = dominant（ly）=largely = most leading = generally = mainly = chief = substantially= the first and more important = matter = signify = for the most part = most = a large proportion of 具有重要性， 最重要的是

② In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 事实上， 实际上，的确，其实

③ In any case = anyway = at any rate 无论如何，总之

④ 比较级、最高级

⑤ Noteworthy = Of note= Notable = noticeable =Striking= Remarkable= marked = express （明确的） = evident = distinctly = obvious = clear （ lee ） = dominant =apparent =crystal （显而易见的） = realizing （清晰生动的，明确无误的） = Worth mentiOning= observable = spectacular = prOnounced= dramatically = understandable= palpable= Important= Significant

显著的，值得注意的，明显的，显而易见的，清晰明了的

⑥ reinforce = stress = strengthen = emphasize = build （sth） up 加强，巩固，增加，强调

⑦ always = invariably = cOntinually= consistently

⑧ considerably相当地

【注】 in effect ∕ fact∕reality ， indeed 表示让步、转折、强调；比较级、最高级表示对比、强调。

第十一，表示总结

① On the whole = all in all =overall = in conclusion ∕ summary ∕ general = generally （ speaking ）= as a whole =mainly = substantially = to sum up = cOnclude= come to the conclusion 总的来说

② in short ∕ brief = in a word 简而言之

③ in any case = at any rate = anyway 总之，无论如何

第十二，表示时间

① Meanwhile = simultaneously = therewithal 同时地 = coincide with… 与……同时发生

crop 【C】 同时发生的事情；同时做某事的一群人，一批人 + of 如：the current crop of graduate trainees 目前这一批毕业实习生

② Preceding = previous （ ly ） = former = prior to 先前的

③ Subsequent = following = in the wake of = upon = after = latter 随后的

④ Lattermost 最后的

⑤ Of late = lately = recent = latterly 最近

⑥ To late= as yet = hitherto = up to the present = up to that point = so far 迄今为止

⑦ Present （ ly ） = current （ ly ） =at present 当前的（地），现在

⑧ For the present 暂且，目前

⑨ Around the clock 昼夜不停

⑩ No longer 不再

⑾ initial（ly）最初，开始 = at the beginning of initiatory 最初的

⑿ for a while 一会儿

⒀ perpetual∕perpetuity∕forever ∕for good∕permanent ∕chronic（长期的） 长久，永远

【注】 chronic ① （尤指疾病）长期的，慢性的，连续复发的 = continually recurring

例如：the country’s chronic unemployment problem 国家的长期失业问题

② 长期患病的，长期有某种习惯的 例如：a chronic alcoholic 酗酒成性的人

chronically 长期地，慢性地

反义词—intermittent = occasional（ly）= temporary 暂时的

⒁ before long 不久以后

⒂ long before 很久以前

第十三，表示举例

① Like = such as = for instance ∕ example = take ∕ consider ∕ think of ∕ remember …（ as an example ） = a good case in point is … =from … to …（ to …） =to illustrate = as an illustration

② 并列的 there be 句型

③ let's take a look at∕return to the example of…

④ in the case of… 比如在……

第十四，表示并列

① And ∕ also ∕ too=as well ∕ or = alternatively ∕ as well as( 不但，而且 ) ∕ along with （连同……在一起）

② 分号

第十五，表示方式

① As if∕though 好像

② as 如……

③ just as 正如……