搭建Nginx+MariaDB/MySQL+PHP-fpm服务器环境

在2年前，我用英文写过一个教程Build Nginx + PHP-FPM + APC + Memcache + Drupal 7 on a bare-bone Ubuntu 10.04 or Debian 5 server. 后来有很多公司和人联系我，告诉我他们在使用我的这个教程。

2年后，很多软件升级，改变了很多安装和配置的方法，我感觉是时候写一个新的教程了：

首先，拿到一个新的服务器 (Linode)， 以root登录:
基本服务器配置
设置Hostname
echo "plato" > /etc/hostname
hostname -F /etc/hostname

编辑 /etc/hosts （IPv6）
增加：
12.34.56.78 plato.example.com plato
2600:3c01::a123:b456:c789:d012 plato.example.com plato

设置时区
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

更新服务器软件
nano /etc/apt/sources.list

增加下面两行：

deb http://packages.dotdeb.org squeeze all
deb-src http://packages.dotdeb.org squeeze all

wget http://www.dotdeb.org/dotdeb.gpg
cat dotdeb.gpg | apt-key add -

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade --show-upgraded

配置安全属性
增加一个系统管理员
adduser example_user
usermod -a -G sudo example_user
logout
ssh example_user@123.456.78.90

现在开始，你可以用新用户加sudo来执行管理员命令了。

反激活root的SSH登录
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
更新这一行：PermitRootLogin no
sudo service ssh restart

设置防火墙：
sudo iptables -L
sudo nano /etc/iptables.firewall.rules
复制：
*filter

# Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT

# Accept all established inbound connections
-A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic
-A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT

# Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL).
-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT

# Allow SSH connections
#
# The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config
#
-A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

# Allow ping
-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT

# Log iptables denied calls
-A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7

# Drop all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy
-A INPUT -j DROP
-A FORWARD -j DROP

COMMIT

sudo iptables-restore

让防火墙每次重启后自动加载：
sudo nano /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/firewall

#!/bin/sh
/sbin/iptables-restore

sudo chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/firewall

安装Fail2Ban，自动检测攻击并阻止：
sudo aptitude install fail2ban

安装PHP-FPM
sudo aptitude install php5 php5-cli php5-dev php5-gd php-pear php5-fpm php5-geoip libgeoip1 libgeoip-dev geoip-database

更新一些配置：
sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini
memory_limit: 512M
cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

安装Nginx
sudo aptitude install nginx

配置虚拟主机
sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/insready.com/{public_html,logs}
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/www
sudo chmod -R 775 /srv/www
cd /etc/nginx/sites-available/
sudo wget https://gist.github.com/raw/4248423/c7b2ea550ef9273f7f5d0823f81f054296fc...
你需要修改以上的域名配置 sudo nano insready.com

sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
把listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 这行改成：
listen = /tmp/php-fpm.sock
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/insready.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

配置Nginx Microcache (并且把Microcache放在内存里，体验闪电的速度吧！)
sudo nano /etc/nginx/conf.d/microcache.conf
fastcgi_cache_path /dev/shm/microcache levels=1:2 keys_zOne=microcache:5M max_size=1G inactive=2h; #把Nignx Microcache设置在内存里，这就更快了！
map $http_COOKIE $cache_uid {
default nil; # hommage to Lisp :)
~SESS[[:alnum:]]+=(?[[:alnum:]]+) $session_id;
}

map $request_method $no_cache {
default 1;
HEAD 0;
GET 0;
}
现在使Nginx每次启动的时候自动运行
sudo update-rc.d nginx defaults

启动Nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start

安装MariaDB
长话短说，MariaDB是甲骨文公司购买了MySQL后，原来开发人员离职然后创建的新开源数据库。MariaDB和MySQL一样使用。
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/MariaDB.list

# MariaDB 5.5 repository list - created 2012-12-08 07:39 UTC
# http://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories/
deb http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/dbms/mariadb/repo/5.5/debian squeeze main
deb-src http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/dbms/mariadb/repo/5.5/debian squeeze main

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xcbcb082a1bb943db

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude install libmariadbclient-dev libmariadbclient18 libmariadbd-dev libmysqlclient18 mariadb-client mariadb-client-5.5 mariadb-client-core-5.5 mariadb-common mariadb-server mariadb-server-5.5 mariadb-server-core-5.5 mariadb-test mariadb-test-5.5 mysql-common

安装最新版本的Drupal
cd /srv/www/insready.com
sudo wget http://ftp.drupal.org/files/projects/drupal-7.18.tar.gz
sudo tar -xvzf drupal-7.18.tar.gz
cd drupal-7.18
sudo cp -a . ../public_html/
sudo chown www-data:www-data public_html -R

安装Memcache, APC
sudo aptitude install memcached libmemcached-tools memstat make
sudo pecl install memcache
sudo pecl install apc

创建以下文件，配置Memcache
sudo nano /etc/php5/conf.d/memcache.ini
extension= memcache.so
memcache.hash_strategy="consistent"

创建以下文件，配置apc
sudo nano /etc/php5/conf.d/apc.ini
extension=apc.so
apc.shm_size = 256M
apc.apc.stat = 0

安装uploadprogress
sudo pecl install uploadprogress

创建以下文件，配置uploadprogress
sudo nano /etc/php5/conf.d/uploadprogress.ini
extension=uploadprogress.so

重启：
sudo service nginx restart
sudo service mysql restart
sudo service php5-fpm restart
sudo service memcached restart

完成！