nginx之平滑升级与回滚的方法详解

随着 nginx 越来越流行&＃xff0c;并且 nginx 的优势也越来越明显&＃xff0c;nginx 的版本迭代也来时加速模式&＃xff0c;1.9.0版本的nginx更新了许多新功能&＃xff0c;例如 stream 四层代理功能&＃xff0c;伴随着 nginx 的广泛应用&＃xff0c;版本升级必然越来越快&＃xff0c;线上业务不能停&＃xff0c;此时 nginx 的升级就是运维的工作了

nginx 方便地帮助我们实现了平滑升级。其原理简单概括&＃xff0c;就是&＃xff1a; &＃xff08;1&＃xff09;在不停掉老进程的情况下&＃xff0c;启动新进程。 &＃xff08;2&＃xff09;老进程负责处理仍然没有处理完的请求&＃xff0c;但不再接受处理请求。 &＃xff08;3&＃xff09;新进程接受新请求。 &＃xff08;4&＃xff09;老进程处理完所有请求&＃xff0c;关闭所有连接后&＃xff0c;停止。 这样就很方便地实现了平滑升级。一般有两种情况下需要升级 nginx&＃xff0c;一种是确实要升级 nginx 的版本&＃xff0c;另一种是要为 nginx 添加新的模块

主进程支持的信号

• TERM, INT: 立刻退出
• QUIT: 等待工作进程结束后再退出
• KILL: 强制终止进程
• HUP: 重新加载配置文件&＃xff0c;使用新的配置启动工作进程&＃xff0c;并逐步关闭旧进程。
• USR1: 重新打开日志文件
• USR2: 启动新的主进程&＃xff0c;实现热升级
• WINCH: 逐步关闭工作进程

工作进程支持的信号

• TERM, INT: 立刻退出
• QUIT: 等待请求处理结束后再退出
• USR1: 重新打开日志文件

3.1 查看现有的 nginx 编译参数

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V


按照原来的编译参数安装 nginx 的方法进行安装&＃xff0c;只需要到 make&＃xff0c;千万不要 make install 。如果make install 会将原来的配置文件覆盖

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx-1.16.0/
[root&＃64;nginx-server nginx-1.16.0]# ./configure --prefix&＃61;/usr/local/nginx --group&＃61;nginx --user&＃61;nginx --sbin-path&＃61;/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx --conf-path&＃61;/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path&＃61;/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path&＃61;/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path&＃61;/tmp/nginx/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path&＃61;/tmp/nginx/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path&＃61;/tmp/nginx/fastcgi --pid-path&＃61;/var/run/nginx.pid --lock-path&＃61;/var/lock/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-http_realip_module --with-stream --with-http_image_filter_module
[root&＃64;nginx-server nginx-1.16.0]# make


3.2 备份原 nginx 二进制文件

备份二进制文件和 nginx 的配置文件&＃xff08;期间nginx不会停止服务&＃xff09;

[root&＃64;nginx-server nginx-1.16.0]# mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx_$(date &＃43;%F)


3.3 复制新的nginx二进制文件&＃xff0c;进入新的nginx源码包

[root&＃64;nginx-server nginx-1.16.0]# cp /usr/local/nginx-1.16.0/objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/


3.4 测试新版本的nginx是否正常

[root&＃64;nginx-server nginx-1.16.0]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t


3.5 给nginx发送平滑迁移信号&＃xff08;若不清楚pid路径&＃xff0c;请查看nginx配置文件&＃xff09;

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# kill -USR2 &＃96;cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid&＃96;


3.6 查看nginx pid&＃xff0c;会出现一个nginx.pid.oldbin

[root&＃64;nginx-server logs]# ll nginx.pid*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 5月 7 10:58 nginx.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 5月 7 09:56 nginx.pid.oldbin


3.7 从容关闭旧的Nginx进程

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# kill -WINCH &＃96;cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin&＃96;


3.8 此时不重载配置启动旧的工作进程

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# kill -HUP &＃96;cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin&＃96;


3.9 结束工作进程&＃xff0c;完成此次升级

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# kill -QUIT &＃96;cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin&＃96;


3.10 验证Nginx是否升级成功

[root&＃64;nginx-server ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V

4、升级实验

4.1 安装配置1.6版本的 nginx&＃xff0c;重新开启一台机器

[root&＃64;localhost ~]# yum install -y gcc gcc-c&＃43;&＃43; pcre-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# tar xzf nginx-1.6.3.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx-1.6.3
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# ./configure --prefix&＃61;/usr/local/nginx --user&＃61;nginx --group&＃61;nginx --with-http_stub_status_module
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# make && make install
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# netstat -lntp
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13989/nginx: master


4.2 查看版本和模块

[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.6.3
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC)
configure arguments: --prefix&＃61;/usr/local/nginx --user&＃61;nginx --group&＃61;nginx --with-http_stub_status_module
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# echo "nginx1.6" > /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# yum install -y elinks


4.3 访问验证

[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.6.3]# elinks 10.0.105.189


4.4 升级nginx

将 nginx 版本进行升级 并在不影响业务的情况下添加 SSL 和 pcre 模块

[root&＃64;localhost ~]# tar xzf nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx-1.12.2/
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.12.2]# ./configure --prefix&＃61;/usr/local/nginx --user&＃61;nginx --group&＃61;ngiinx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.12.2]# make
[root&＃64;localhost nginx-1.12.2]# cd
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx_lod
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# cp /usr/local/nginx-1.12.2/objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# mv /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.bak
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# kill -USR2 &＃96;cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid&＃96;
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/logs/
access.log error.log nginx.pid
[root&＃64;localhost ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
root 13989 0.0 0.0 24860 952 ? Ss 13:55 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx 13990 0.0 0.1 25284 1720 ? S 13:55 0:00 nginx: worker process
root 16525 0.0 0.0 112708 976 pts/2 S&＃43; 14:09 0:00 grep --color&＃61;auto nginx


4.5 验证nginx是否升级成功

4.6 nginx 错误页面配置

nginx错误页面包括404 403 500 502 503 504等页面&＃xff0c;只需要在server中增加以下配置即可&＃xff1a;

#error_page 404 403 500 502 503 504 /404.html;location &＃61; /404.html {root /usr/local/nginx/html;}


注意&＃xff1a;

/usr/local/nginx/html/ 路径下必须有404.html这个文件&＃xff01;&＃xff01;&＃xff01;

404.html上如果引用其他文件的png或css就会有问题&＃xff0c;显示不出来&＃xff0c;因为其他文件的访问也要做配置&＃xff1b; 为了简单&＃xff0c;可以将css嵌入文件中&＃xff0c;图片用base编码嵌入&＃xff1b;如下&＃xff1a;

[root&＃64;localhost html]# vim 404.html

<html><head><meta charset&＃61;"UTF-8" /><meta name&＃61;"viewport" content&＃61;"width&＃61;device-width, initial-scale&＃61;1, maximum-scale&＃61;1" /><title>404title><style>.layout-table{display:table;height:100%;width:100%;vertical-align: middle;margin-top:150px}.layout-table-cell{display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;text-align:center}.layout-tip{font-size:28px;color:#373737;margin: 0 auto;margin-top:16px;border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;padding-bottom: 20px;width: 360px;}#tips{font-size:18px;color:#666666;margin-top:16px;}style>head><body class&＃61;"layui-layout-body"><div class&＃61;"layui-layout layui-layout-admin"><div class&＃61;"layui-body"><div class&＃61;"layout-table"><div class&＃61;"layout-table-cell"><img 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class&＃61;"layout-img"><p class&＃61;"layout-tip">哎呀&＃xff0c;找不到该页面啦&＃xff01;p><p id&＃61;"tips">请检查您的网络连接是否正常或者输入的网址是否正确p>div>div>div>div>body>
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展示效果&＃xff1b;

对于升级来说&＃xff0c;最难的不是升级&＃xff0c;而是回滚&＃xff0c;因为在实际生产环境回滚的机率是存在&＃xff0c;比如&＃xff1a;新版本由于某些未知bug导致与现有应用不兼容、或出现运行不稳定的情况等等。

所以&＃xff0c;对运维工程师来说&＃xff0c;故障回滚是重点。

在上面的结果中&＃xff0c;我们也能看到老的master进程是一直存在&＃xff0c;在没有手工关闭前&＃xff0c;它是不会自已关闭的&＃xff0c;这种设计是有好处的&＃xff0c;好处就是为了升级新版本后&＃xff0c;如果出现问题能及时快速的回滚到上一个稳定版本。

[root&＃64;nginx ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root 37140 0.0 0.3 46204 3400 ? S 10:58 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx 37142 0.0 0.1 46656 1908 ? S 10:58 0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 37188 0.0 0.2 46676 2168 ? S 11:00 0:00 nginx: worker process
root 37450 0.0 0.0 112824 976 pts/0 R&＃43; 13:16 0:00 grep --color&＃61;auto nginx
[root&＃64;nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root&＃64;nginx sbin]# mv nginx nginx-1.12.2
[root&＃64;nginx sbin]# mv nginx-1.16.3 nginx
[root&＃64;nginx sbin]# kill -USR1 37140
[root&＃64;nginx sbin]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root 37140 0.0 0.3 46340 3536 ? S 10:58 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx 37188 0.0 0.2 46676 2168 ? S 11:00 0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 37461 0.0 0.2 46776 2032 ? S 13:19 0:00 nginx: worker process
root 37471 0.0 0.0 112824 976 pts/0 R&＃43; 13:19 0:00 grep --color&＃61;auto nginx
[root&＃64;nginx sbin]# ./nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2


从上面的结果发现&＃xff0c;已经平滑的回滚的上一个版本&＃xff0c;接下来测试是否能正常访问&＃xff1a;

一样可以正常访问&＃xff0c;所以&＃xff0c;这个回滚的操作对用户来说也是不可感知的。