plsql中的sql语句##selectinto语句:用于把从中查询出的内容存入变量declarev_hire_dateemployees.hire_date%type;v_sal
plsql中的sql语句
## select into 语句:用于把从中查询出的内容存入变量
declare
v_hire_date employees.hire_date%type;
v_salary empployees.salary%type;
begin
select hire_date,salary
into v_hire_date,v_salary
from employees
where department_id = 100;
...
end;
set serveroutput on
declare
v_sum_sal number(10,2);
v_deptno number not null := 60;
begin
select sum(salary) --group function
into v_sum_sal
from employees
where department_id = v_deptno;
dbms_output.put_line('the sum salary is ' || to_char(v_sum_sal));
end;
注意:该语句支持单行的查询结果,如果where条件控制的不好,导致多行查询结果,则会引发to manay rows的例外
## insert,update,delete,merge语句:在plsql中执行这些语句和直接执行这些语句差不多,只不过可以在sql语句中使用plsqls声明变量。
begin
insert into employees
(employee_id, first_name, last_name, email, hire_date, job_id, salary)
values
((employees_seq.nextval, 'ruth', 'cores', 'rcores',sysdate, 'ad_asst', 4000)
end;
declare
v_sal_increase employees.salary%type;
begin
update employees
set salary = salary + v_sal_increase;
where job_id = 'st_clerk';
end;
declare
v_deptno employees.department_id%type := 10;
begin
delete from employees
where department_id = v_ deptno;
end;
declare
v_empno employees.employee_id%type := 100;
begin
merge into copy_emp c
using employees e
on (e.employee_id = v_empno)
when matched then
update set c.first_name = e.first_name,
c.last_name = e.last_name,
c.email = e.email,
...
when not matched then
insert values(e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.last_name,..., e.department_id);
end;
plsql中的控制语句
和其他语言一样,控制主要包括判断和循环;
判断语句的语法与其他语言类似:
if condition then
statements;
[elsif condition then
statements;]
[else
statements;]
end if;
case selector
when expression1 then result1;
when expression2 then result2;
...
when expressionn then resultn;
[else resultn + 1]
end;
### 循环语句的语法与其他语言类似:有基本循环、for循环、wihle循环三种 :
loop
statement1;
...
exit [when condition];
end loop
while condition loop
statement1;
statement1;
...
end loop
for counter in [reverse] lower_bound .. upper_bound loop
statement1;
statement2;
...
end loop;
举例:
declare
v_country_id locations.country_id%type := 'ca'; v_location_id locations.location_id%type;
v_city locations.city%type := 'montreal';
begin
select max(location_id) into v_location_id
from locations
where country_id = v_country_id;
for i in 1 .. 3 loop
insert into locations(location_id, city, country_id) values((v_location_id + i), v_city, v_country_id );
end loop;
end;
嵌套循环和label:
...
begin
<>
loop
v_counter := v_counter+1;
exit when v_counter > 10;
<>
loop
...
exit outer_loop when total_dOne= &#039;yes&#039;;
-- leave both loops
exit when inner_dOne= &#039;yes&#039;;
-- leave inner loop only
...
end loop inner_loop;
...
end loop outer_loop;
end;
...
## plsql中的复杂自定义数据类型
概述:
plsql中常用的自定义类型就两种: 记录类型、plsql内存表类型(根据表中的数据字段的简单和复杂 程度又可分别实现类似于简单数组和记录数组的功能)
记录类型的定义举例:
type emp_record_type is record
(last_name varchar2(25),
job_id varchar2(10),
salary number(8,2));
emp_record emp_record_type;
%rowtype属性:在plsql中 %rowtype 表示某张表的记录类型或者是用户指定以的记录类型,使用此属性可以很方便的定义一个变量,其类型与某张表的记录或者自定义的记录类型保持一致。极大的方便了select * into ….的语句使用。
declare
emp_rec employees%rowtype
begin
select * into emp_rec
from employees
where employee_id = &employee_number;
insert into retired_emps(empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, leavedate, sal, comm, deptno) ;
values (emp_rec.employee_id, emp_rec.last_name, emp_rec.job_id, emp_rec.manager_id, emp_rec.hire_date, sysdate, emp_rec.salary, emp_rec.commission_pct, emp_rec.department_id);
commit;
end;
plsql内存表即index by table ,这种结构类似于数组,使用主键提供类似于数组那样的元素访问。这种类必须包含两个部分:
使用binary integerl类型构成的索引主键; 另外一个简单类型 或者用户自定义类型的字段作为具体的数组元素。 这种类型可以自动增长,所以也类似于可变长数组。
...
type ename_table_type is table of employees.last_name%type
index by binary_integer;
ename_table ename_table_type;
...
plsql内存表应用举例:
下面定义的两个内存表中的元素都是简单的数据类型,所以相当于定义了两个简单数组:
declare
type ename_table_type is table of employees.last_name%type
index by binary_integer;
type hiredate_table type is table of date
index by binary_integer;
ename_table ename_table_type;
hiredate_table hiredate_table_type;
begin
ename_table(1) := &#039;cameron&#039;;
hiredate_table := sysdate + 7;
if ename_table.exists(1) then
insert into ...
...
end;
备注:对plsql内存表中某个元素的访问类似于数组,可以使用下表,因为binary_integer这种数据类型 的值在-2147483647 … 2147483647范围内,所以下表也可以在这个范围内。
plsql内存表的应用举例:
下面定义的两个内存表中的元素都是记录类型,所以相当于定义了真正的内存表:
declare
type emp_table_type is table of employees%rowtype
index by binary_integer;
my_emp_table emp_table_type;
v_count number(3) := 104;
begin
for i in 100 .. v_count
loop
select *
into my_emp_table(i)
from employees
where employee_id = i;
end loop;
for i in my_emp_table.first .. my_emp_table.last
loop
dbms_output.put_line(my_emp_table(i).last_name);
end loop;
end;