Nginx?("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的，它已经在该站点运行超过三年了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。
Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性，使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多，其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻、腾讯网、搜狐博客等门户网站频道，六间房、56.com等视频分享网站，Discuz!官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛，盛大在线、金山逍遥网等网络游戏网站，豆瓣、人人网、YUPOO相册、金山爱词霸、迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。
Nginx 的官方中文维基：http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs
在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。
根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。
而这台 Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存（20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。
在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明）：
我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不高：
2009年9月3日下午2：30，金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护1小时（http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml），大量玩家上官网，论坛、评论、客服等动态应用Nginx服务器集群，每台服务器的Nginx活动连接数达到2.8万，这是笔者遇到的Nginx生产环境最高并发值。
下面是用100个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器VIP下、提供相同服务的两台服务器，一台为Nginx，另一台为Apache，Nginx每秒处理的请求数是Apache的两倍多，Nginx服务器的系统负载、CPU使用率远低于Apache：
你可以将连接数开到10000～30000，去压Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php，这是用浏览器访问Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常，而访问Apache服务器的phpinfo.php，则是该页无法显示。4G内存的服务器，即使再优化，Apache也很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60?http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问，而调整参数优化后的Nginx可以。
注意：webbench 做压力测试时，该软件自身也会消耗CPU和内存资源，为了测试准确，请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。
测试结果：##### Nginx + PHP #####
[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30?http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5 Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software. Benchmarking: GET?http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php 100 clients, running 30 sec. Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec. Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed. top - 14:06:13 up 27 days,??2:25,??2 users,??load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51 Tasks: 287 total,?? 4 running, 283 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 0 zombie Cpu(s): 49.9% us,??6.7% sy,??0.0% ni, 41.4% id,??1.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.8% si Mem:?? 6230016k total,??2959468k used,??3270548k free,?? 635992k buffers Swap:??2031608k total,???? 3696k used,??2027912k free,??1231444k cached
测试结果：#####??Apache + PHP #####
[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30?http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5 Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software. Benchmarking: GET?http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php 100 clients, running 30 sec. Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec. Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed. top - 14:06:20 up 27 days,??2:13,??2 users,??load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42 Tasks: 318 total,?? 7 running, 310 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 1 zombie Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy,??0.0% ni,??7.9% id,??0.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.9% si Mem:?? 6230016k total,??3075948k used,??3154068k free,?? 379896k buffers Swap:??2031608k total,????12592k used,??2019016k free,??1117868k cached
为什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多？这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll（Linux 2.6内核）和kqueue（freebsd）网络I/O模型，而Apache则使用的是传统的select模型。目前Linux下能够承受高并发访问的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll网络I/O模型。
处理大量的连接的读写，Apache所采用的select网络I/O模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型进行之间的区别：
假设你在大学读书，住的宿舍楼有很多间房间，你的朋友要来找你。select版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找，直到找到你为止。而epoll版宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号，你的朋友来时，只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可，不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了10000个人，都要找自己住这栋楼的同学时，select版和epoll版宿管大妈，谁的效率更高，不言自明。同理，在高并发服务器中，轮询I/O是最耗时间的操作之一，select和epoll的性能谁的性能更高，同样十分明了。
安装步骤：
（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.3，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）
一、获取相关开源程序：
1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：
sudo -s LANG=C yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers
2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包（事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安装）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装，以下是RPM包下载网址：
①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/
②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/
③、RPM包搜索网站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/
3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包：
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2010年07月26日的最新稳定版。
①、从软件的官方网站下载：
mkdir -p /data0/software cd /data0/software wget?http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz wget?http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror wget?http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz wget?http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/ wget?http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0" wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0" wget?http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0" wget?ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz wget?http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2 wget?http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz wget?http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz wget?http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz
二、安装PHP 5.2.14（FastCGI模式）
1、编译安装PHP 5.2.14所需的支持库：
tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz cd libiconv-1.13.1/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local make make install cd ../ tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/ ./configure make make install /sbin/ldconfig cd libltdl/ ./configure --enable-ltdl-install make make install cd ../../ tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz cd mhash-0.9.9.9/ ./configure make make install cd ../ ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz cd mcrypt-2.6.8/ /sbin/ldconfig ./configure make make install cd ../
2、编译安装MySQL 5.5.3-m3
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql /usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg make && make install chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql cd ../
附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下几步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。
①、创建MySQL数据库存放目录
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/ mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/ mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/ chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/
②、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql
③、创建my.cnf配置文件：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf
输入以下内容：
[client] character-set-server = utf8 port????= 3306 socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock [mysqld] character-set-server = utf8 replicate-ignore-db = mysql replicate-ignore-db = test replicate-ignore-db = information_schema user????= mysql port????= 3306 socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid open_files_limit????= 10240 back_log = 600 max_cOnnections= 5000 max_connect_errors = 6000 table_cache = 614 external-locking = FALSE max_allowed_packet = 32M sort_buffer_size = 1M join_buffer_size = 1M thread_cache_size = 300 #thread_cOncurrency= 8 query_cache_size = 512M query_cache_limit = 2M query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k default-storage-engine = MyISAM thread_stack = 192K transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED tmp_table_size = 246M max_heap_table_size = 246M long_query_time = 3 log-slave-updates log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog binlog_cache_size = 4M binlog_format = MIXED max_binlog_cache_size = 8M max_binlog_size = 1G relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog expire_logs_days = 30 key_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G myisam_repair_threads = 1 myisam_recover interactive_timeout = 120 wait_timeout = 120 skip-name-resolve #master-connect-retry = 10 slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396 #master-host???? =?? 192.168.1.2 #master-user???? =?? username #master-password =?? password #master-port???? =??3306 server-id = 1 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend innodb_file_io_threads = 4 innodb_thread_cOncurrency= 8 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M innodb_log_file_size = 128M innodb_log_files_in_group = 3 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120 innodb_file_per_table = 0 #log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log #long_query_time = 10 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 32M
④、创建管理MySQL数据库的shell脚本：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
输入以下内容（这里的用户名admin和密码12345678接下来的步骤会创建）：
#!/bin/sh
mysql_port=3306
mysql_username="admin"
mysql_password="12345678"
function_start_mysql()
{
? ? printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
? ? /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
}
function_stop_mysql()
{
? ? printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
? ? /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
}
function_restart_mysql()
{
? ? printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
? ? function_stop_mysql
? ? sleep 5
? ? function_start_mysql
}
function_kill_mysql()
{
? ? kill -9 $(ps -ef &＃124; grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' &＃124; grep ${mysql_port} &＃124; awk '{printf $2}')
? ? kill -9 $(ps -ef &＃124; grep 'libexec/mysqld' &＃124; grep ${mysql_port} &＃124; awk '{printf $2}')
}
if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
? ? function_start_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then
? ? function_stop_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then
? ? function_restart_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then
? ? function_kill_mysql
else
? ? printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start&＃124;stop&＃124;restart&＃124;kill}\n"
fi
⑤、赋予shell脚本可执行权限：
chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
⑥、启动MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start
⑦、通过命令行登录管理MySQL服务器（提示输入密码时直接回车）：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
⑧、输入以下SQL语句，创建一个具有root权限的用户（admin）和密码（12345678）：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
⑨、（可选）停止MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop
3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1 cd php-5.2.14/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv' make install cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini cd ../
4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz cd memcache-2.2.5/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-cOnfig=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../ tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2 cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-cOnfig=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../ tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-cOnfig=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql make make install cd ../ tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/ ./configure make make install cd ../ tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz cd imagick-2.3.0/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-cOnfig=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../
5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：
extension = "memcache.so"
extension = "pdo_mysql.so"
extension = "imagick.so"
再查找output_buffering = Off
修改为output_buffering = On
再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
修改为cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件类型错误解析漏洞。
自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
[eaccelerator] zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so" eaccelerator.shm_size="64" eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache" eaccelerator.enable="1" eaccelerator.optimizer="1" eaccelerator.check_mtime="1" eaccelerator.debug="0" eaccelerator.filter="" eaccelerator.shm_max="0" eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600" eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600" eaccelerator.shm_Only="0" eaccelerator.compress="1" eaccelerator.compress_level="9"
7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www /usr/sbin/useradd -g www www mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www
8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：
在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
输入以下内容（如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，请将以下的
All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix Pid file /usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid Error log file/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log Log levelnotice When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...10 ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.1m Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master5s Set to 'no' to debug fpmyes Name of pool. Used in logs and stats. default Address to accept fastcgi requests on. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'127.0.0.1:9000 Set listen(2) backlog Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.-1 Set permissions for unix socket, if one used. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.0666 Unix user of processes /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i 0 www Unix group of processeswww Process manager settingsSets style of controling worker process count. Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like' The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason '0s' means 'off'static Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served. Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi Used with any pm_style.128 Settings group for 'apache-like' pm styleSets the number of server processes created on startup. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected 20 Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected5 Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected35 0s The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file '0s' means 'off'0s The log file for slow requestslogs/slow.log Set open file desc rlimit65535 Set max core size rlimit0 Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute pathChdir to this directory at the start, absolute path Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs yes How much requests each process should execute before respawn. Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For endless request processing please specify 0 Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS1024 Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect. Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+) Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.127.0.0.1 Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment$HOSTNAME /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin /tmp /tmp /tmp $OSTYPE $MACHTYPE 2
9、启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口，进程数为128（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启64个进程），用户为www：
ulimit -SHn 65535 /usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数，包括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi，重新加载配置文件使用reload。
三、安装Nginx 0.8.46
1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库：
tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz cd pcre-8.10/ ./configure make && make install cd ../
2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz cd nginx-0.8.46/ ./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module make && make install cd ../
3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs chmod +w /data1/logs chown -R www:www /data1/logs
4、创建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
输入以下内容：
user??www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log??/data1/logs/nginx_error.log??crit;
pid????????/usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events
{
? ? use epoll;
? ? worker_connections 65535;
}
http
{
? ? include?????? mime.types;
? ? default_type??application/octet-stream;
? ? #charset??gb2312;
? ? server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
? ? client_header_buffer_size 32k;
? ? large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
? ? client_max_body_size 8m;
? ? sendfile on;
? ? tcp_nopush???? on;
? ? keepalive_timeout 60;
? ? tcp_nodelay on;
? ? fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
? ? fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
? ? fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
? ? fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
? ? fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
? ? fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
? ? fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
? ? gzip on;
? ? gzip_min_length??1k;
? ? gzip_buffers???? 4 16k;
? ? gzip_http_version 1.0;
? ? gzip_comp_level 2;
? ? gzip_types?????? text/plain application/x-Javascript text/css application/xml;
? ? gzip_vary on;
#limit_zone??crawler??$binary_remote_addr??10m;
server
{
? ? listen?????? 80;
? ? server_name??blog.s135.com;
? ? index index.html index.htm index.php;
? ? root??/data0/htdocs/blog;
? ? #limit_conn?? crawler??20;
? ? location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
? ? {
? ? ? ? #fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
? ? ? ? fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
? ? ? ? fastcgi_index index.php;
? ? ? ? include fcgi.conf;
? ? }
? ? location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
? ? {
? ? ? ? expires??????30d;
? ? }
? ? location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
? ? {
? ? ? ? expires??????1h;
? ? }
? ? log_format??access??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
? ? '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
? ? '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
? ? access_log??/data1/logs/access.log??access;
}
server
{
? ? listen?????? 80;
? ? server_name??www.s135.com;
? ? index index.html index.htm index.php;
? ? root??/data0/htdocs/www;
? ? location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
? ? {
? ? ? ? #fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
? ? ? ? fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
? ? ? ? fastcgi_index index.php;
? ? ? ? include fcgi.conf;
? ? }
? ? log_format??wwwlogs??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
? ? '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
? ? '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
? ? access_log??/data1/logs/wwwlogs.log??wwwlogs;
}
server
{
? ? listen??80;
? ? server_name??status.blog.s135.com;
? ? location / {
? ? ? ? stub_status on;
? ? ? ? access_log?? off;
? ? }
}
}
②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件：
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
输入以下内容：
fastcgi_param??GATEWAY_INTERFACE??CGI/1.1; fastcgi_param??SERVER_SOFTWARE????nginx; fastcgi_param??QUERY_STRING?????? $query_string; fastcgi_param??REQUEST_METHOD???? $request_method; fastcgi_param??CONTENT_TYPE?????? $content_type; fastcgi_param??CONTENT_LENGTH???? $content_length; fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_FILENAME????$document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_NAME????????$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param??REQUEST_URI????????$request_uri; fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_URI?????? $document_uri; fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_ROOT??????$document_root; fastcgi_param??SERVER_PROTOCOL????$server_protocol; fastcgi_param??REMOTE_ADDR????????$remote_addr; fastcgi_param??REMOTE_PORT????????$remote_port; fastcgi_param??SERVER_ADDR????????$server_addr; fastcgi_param??SERVER_PORT????????$server_port; fastcgi_param??SERVER_NAME????????$server_name; # PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect fastcgi_param??REDIRECT_STATUS????200;
5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 65535 /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容：
ulimit -SHn 65535 /usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx 五、优化Linux内核参数 vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容：
# Add net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536 net.core.netdev_max_backlog =??32768 net.core.somaxcOnn= 32768 net.core.wmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 16777216 net.core.wmem_max = 16777216 net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2 net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 #net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800 #net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30 #net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024??65535
使配置立即生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p
六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully
2、平滑重启：
①、对于Nginx 0.8.x版本，现在平滑重启Nginx配置非常简单，执行以下命令即可：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
②、对于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本，平滑重启稍微麻烦一些，按照以下步骤进行即可。输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号：
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号，例如：
6302
这时，执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效：
kill -HUP 6302
或者无需这么麻烦，找到Nginx的Pid文件：
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本
1、创建脚本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
输入以下内容：
#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00
# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"
mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
2、设置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志
crontab -e
输入以下内容：
00 00 * * * /bin/bash??/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
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