tcp/ip参考模型_TCP/IP参考模型

tcp/ip参考模型

TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in the current Internet architecture as well. Protocols are set of rules which govern every possible communication over a network. These protocols describe the movement of data between the source and destination or the internet. They also offer simple naming and addressing schemes.

TCP / IP表示传输控制协议和Internet协议。 它也是当前Internet体系结构中使用的网络模型。 协议是一组规则&＃xff0c;用于管理网络上所有可能的通信。 这些协议描述了源与目的地或互联网之间的数据移动。 它们还提供简单的命名和寻址方案。

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model:

TCP / IP模型中的协议和网络&＃xff1a;

TCP / IP参考模型概述 (Overview of TCP/IP reference model)

TCP/IP that is Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol was developed by Department of Defence&＃39;s Project Research Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) as a part of a research project of network interconnection to connect remote machines.

国防部的项目研究机构 (ARPA&＃xff0c;后来的DARPA)开发了TCP / IP&＃xff0c;即传输控制协议和Internet协议&＃xff0c;这是网络互连研究项目的一部分&＃xff0c;用于连接远程机器。

The features that stood out during the research, which led to making the TCP/IP reference model were:

在研究过程中脱颖而出的功能导致建立TCP / IP参考模型&＃xff1a;

• Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more machines to a network was easy.

  支持灵活的体系结构。 向网络添加更多计算机非常容易。

• The network was robust, and connections remained intact untill the source and destination machines were functioning.

  网络很健壮&＃xff0c;并且连接保持完整&＃xff0c;直到源计算机和目标计算机正常运行为止。

The overall idea was to allow one application on one computer to talk to(send data packets) another application running on different computer.

总体思路是允许一台计算机上的一个应用程序与运行在另一台计算机上的另一应用程序进行对话(发送数据包)。

TCP / IP参考模型的不同层 (Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model)

Below we have discussed the 4 layers that form the TCP/IP reference model:

下面我们讨论了构成TCP / IP参考模型的4个层&＃xff1a;

第1层&＃xff1a;主机到网络层 (Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer)

1. Lowest layer of the all.

   最低的一层。

2. Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be sent over it.

   协议用于连接主机&＃xff0c;以便可以通过主机发送数据包。

3. Varies from host to host and network to network.

   因主机而异&＃xff0c;因网络而异。

第2层&＃xff1a;互联网层 (Layer 2: Internet layer)

1. Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless internetwork layer is called a internet layer.

   基于无连接互联网层的分组交换网络的选择被称为互联网层。

2. It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.

   这是将整个体系结构结合在一起的层。

3. It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.

   它帮助数据包独立地到达目的地。

4. Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are sent.

   数据包的接收顺序与发送方式不同。

5. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.

   在此层中使用IP(Internet协议)。

6. The various functions performed by the Internet Layer are:

   Internet层执行的各种功能是&＃xff1a;

   • Delivering IP packets
   • Performing routing
   • Avoiding congestion

第三层&＃xff1a;传输层 (Layer 3: Transport Layer)

1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.

   它决定数据传输应该在并行路径还是单路径上。

2. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the data is done by transport layer.

   对数据的复用&＃xff0c;分段或拆分等功能由传输层完成。

3. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.

   应用程序可以读取和写入传输层。

4. Transport layer adds header information to the data.

   传输层将标头信息添加到数据中。

5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.

   传输层将消息(数据)分解为较小的单元&＃xff0c;以便网络层可以更有效地处理它们。

6. Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.

   传输层还按顺序安排要发送的数据包。

第四层&＃xff1a;应用层 (Layer 4: Application Layer)

The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.

TCP / IP规范描述了位于协议栈顶部的许多应用程序。 其中一些是TELNET&＃xff0c;FTP&＃xff0c;SMTP&＃xff0c;DNS等。

1. TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a remote machine and run applications on it.

   TELNET是一种双向通信协议&＃xff0c;它允许连接到远程计算机并在其上运行应用程序。

2. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst computer users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.

   FTP (文件传输协议)是一种协议&＃xff0c;它允许在通过网络连接的计算机用户之间传输文件。 它可靠&＃xff0c;简单且高效。

3. SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to transport electronic mail between a source and destination, directed via a route.

   SMTP (简单邮件传输协议)是一种协议&＃xff0c;用于通过路由在源和目标之间传输电子邮件。

4. DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts connected over a network.

   DNS (域名服务器)将IP地址解析为通过网络连接的主机的文本地址。

5. It allows peer entities to carry conversation.

   它允许对等实体进行对话。

6. It defines two end-to-end protocols: TCP and UDP

   它定义了两个端到端协议&＃xff1a;TCP和UDP

   • TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol which handles byte-stream from source to destination without error and flow control.TCP(传输控制协议)&＃xff1a;这是一种可靠的面向连接的协议&＃xff0c;可以处理从源到目标的字节流&＃xff0c;而不会发生错误和流控制。
   • UDP(User-Datagram Protocol): It is an unreliable connection-less protocol that do not want TCPs, sequencing and flow control. Eg: One-shot request-reply kind of service.UDP(用户数据报协议)&＃xff1a;这是一种不可靠的无连接协议&＃xff0c;不需要TCP&＃xff0c;排序和流控制。 例如&＃xff1a;一站式请求-答复类型的服务。

TCP / IP模型的优点 (Merits of TCP/IP model)

1. It operated independently.

   它独立运行。

2. It is scalable.

   它是可扩展的。

3. Client/server architecture.

   客户端/服务器架构。

4. Supports a number of routing protocols.

   支持多种路由协议。

5. Can be used to establish a connection between two computers.

   可用于在两台计算机之间建立连接。

TCP / IP的缺点 (Demerits of TCP/IP)

1. In this, the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.

   在这种情况下&＃xff0c;传输层不能保证包的传送。

2. The model cannot be used in any other application.

   该模型不能在任何其他应用程序中使用。

3. Replacing protocol is not easy.

   更换协议并不容易。

4. It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces and protocols.

   它尚未明确区分其服务&＃xff0c;接口和协议。

翻译自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/tcp-ip-reference-model

tcp/ip参考模型