#-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-
print '----------------------方法1--------------------------'
#方法1,实现__new__方法#并在将一个类的实例绑定到类变量_instance上,#如果cls._instance为None说明该类还没有实例化过,实例化该类,并返回#如果cls._instance不为None,直接返回cls._instance
classSingleton(object):def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
orig=super(Singleton, cls)
cls._instance= orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)returncls._instanceclassMyClass(Singleton):
a= 1one=MyClass()
two=MyClass()
two.a= 3
printone.a#3#one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
printid(one)#29097904
printid(two)#29097904
print one ==two#True
print one istwo#True
print '----------------------方法2--------------------------'
#方法2,共享属性;所谓单例就是所有引用(实例、对象)拥有相同的状态(属性)和行为(方法)#同一个类的所有实例天然拥有相同的行为(方法),#只需要保证同一个类的所有实例具有相同的状态(属性)即可#所有实例共享属性的最简单最直接的方法就是__dict__属性指向(引用)同一个字典(dict)#可参看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/
classBorg(object):
_state={}def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
ob= super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
ob.__dict__ =cls._statereturnobclassMyClass2(Borg):
a= 1one=MyClass2()
two=MyClass2()#one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出
two.a = 3
printone.a#3
printid(one)#28873680
printid(two)#28873712
print one ==two#False
print one istwo#False#但是one和two具有相同的(同一个__dict__属性),见:
print id(one.__dict__)#30104000
print id(two.__dict__)#30104000
print '----------------------方法3--------------------------'
#方法3:本质上是方法1的升级(或者说高级)版#使用__metaclass__(元类)的高级python用法
classSingleton2(type):def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance=Nonedef __call__(cls, *args, **kw):if cls._instance isNone:
cls._instance= super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)returncls._instanceclassMyClass3(object):__metaclass__ =Singleton2
one=MyClass3()
two=MyClass3()
two.a= 3
printone.a#3
printid(one)#31495472
printid(two)#31495472
print one ==two#True
print one istwo#True
print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'
#方法4:也是方法1的升级(高级)版本,#使用装饰器(decorator),#这是一种更pythonic,更elegant的方法,#单例类本身根本不知道自己是单例的,因为他本身(自己的代码)并不是单例的
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances={}def_singleton():if cls not ininstances:
instances[cls]= cls(*args, **kw)returninstances[cls]return_singleton
@singletonclassMyClass4(object):
a= 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x=x
one=MyClass4()
two=MyClass4()
two.a= 3
printone.a#3
printid(one)#29660784
printid(two)#29660784
print one ==two#True
print one istwo#True
one.x = 1
printone.x#1
print two.x